This article begins by defining the term variable and the terms independent variable and dependent variable, providing examples of each. It and then proceeds to describe and discuss synonyms for the terms independent variable and dependent variable, including treatment, intervention, predictor, and take a chance factor, and synonyms for dependent variable, such as response variables and outcomes. The article explains that the terms extraneous, nuisance, and misreckoning variables refer to any variable that can interfere with the ability to establish relationships between independent variables and dependent variables, and it describes ways to control for such confounds. It further explains that fifty-fifty though intervening, mediating, and moderating variables explicitly alter the relationship betwixt independent variables and dependent variables, they help to explain the causal relationship between them. In addition, the article links terminology about variables with the concept of levels of measurement in research.

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Contained, Dependent, and Other

Variables in Healthcare and Chaplaincy

Research

Laura T. Flannelly a , Kevin J. Flannelly b & Katherine R. B.

Jankowski b

a Center for Psychosocial Research , Massapequa , New York , Usa

b Journal of Wellness Care Chaplaincy and the Center for Psychosocial

Research , Massapequa , New York , USA

Published online: 25 Sep 2014.

To cite this article: Laura T. Flannelly , Kevin J. Flannelly & Katherine R. B. Jankowski (2014)

Contained, Dependent, and Other Variables in Healthcare and Chaplaincy Research, Journal of

Health Care Chaplaincy, xx:iv, 161-170, DOI: ten.1080/08854726.2014.959374

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2014.959374

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Independent, Dependent, and Other Variables

in Healthcare and Chaplaincy Research

LAURA T. FLANNELLY

Centre for Psychosocial Research, Massapequa, New York, U.s.

KEVIN J. FLANNELLY and KATHERINE R. B. JANKOWSKI

Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy and the Center for Psychosocial Enquiry,

Massapequa, New York, Us

This article begins by defining the term variable and the terms

independent variable and dependent variable, providing examples

of each. It and then proceeds to describe and discuss synonyms for the

terms independent variable and dependent variable, including

handling, intervention, predictor, and take a chance factor, and synonyms

for dependent variable, such as response variables and outcomes.

The article explains that the terms inapplicable, nuisance, and con-

founding variables refer to any variable that tin interfere with the

ability to establish relationships between independent variables

and dependent variables, and information technology describes ways to command for such

confounds. It further explains that even though intervening, med-

iating, and moderating variables explicitly alter the human relationship

between independent variables and dependent variables, they help

to explain the causal relationship betwixt them. In improver, the

article links terminology near variables with the concept of levels

of measurement in inquiry.

KEYWORDS confounds, dependent variable, independent

variable, levels of measurement, mediation, moderation, risk

factors

Anyone who wants to understand healthcare inquiry should start by learn-

ing inquiry terminology. The term variable is probably the most oftentimes

used word in scientific research. Withal, people who have not been

Address correspondence to Laura T. Flannelly, RN, PhD, Inquiry Managing director, Center for

Psychosocial Inquiry, 33 Maple Street, Massapequa, NY 11758, United states. E-mail: lflannelly@

gmail.com

Journal of Health Intendance Chaplaincy, 20:161–170, 2014

Copyright # Taylor & Francis Grouping, LLC

ISSN: 0885-4726 print=1528-6916 online

DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2014.959374

161

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trained in inquiry often find the word to be odd. The simplest definition of a

variable is that it is something that takes on dissimilar values; it is something

that varies (Bhopal, 2002; Kerlinger, 1973). Within the context of research, a

variable may be defined as ''an empirical phenomenon that takes on dissimilar

values or intensities'' (Ellis, 1998, p. 19).

A variable also may exist thought of as a property of something (One thousanderlinger,

1973). The height, weight, and temperature of an object are iii examples of

its backdrop. Human research measures, among other things, the properties

of people. These properties may include their top, weight, and temperature,

as well as other properties (i.eastward., variables), such as, intelligence, personality,

and health status.

Variables are mostly divided into 2 wide categories in inquiry,

contained variables and dependent variables. However, researchers refer

to them by many different names, and there are other types of variables,

likewise.

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Nigh healthcare professionals have heard the terms independent variable

and dependent variable (Kleinbaum, Kupper, Muller, & Nizam, 1998; Polit,

Brook, & Hungler, 2001), just they may not know what they mean or know

the difference between them. Although the terms are similar, their meanings

are very different, and the ability to distinguish betwixt the two of them is

essential for understanding and designing research studies.

One of the major aims of research is to understand the causes of

phenomena. The presumed cause in a cause-effect relationship is called

the independent variable, and the presumed effect is called the dependent

variable (Polit et al., 2001; Vogt, 1993). In other words, an contained vari-

able is a variable that is presumed to have an event on another variable (a

dependent variable). A dependent variable is, quite simply, dependent, in

that it depends, in some sense, on an independent variable. It is the depen-

dent variable that the researcher is usually nearly interested in understanding

and possibly interested in predicting.

It is of import to call back, however, that variables are not inherently

independent or dependent variables. An independent variable in one report

might be a dependent variable in another report. For example, ane study

might examine the upshot of exercise (the independent variable) on osteo-

porosis (the dependent variable); another study might examine the consequence

of osteoporosis (the independent variable) on the occurrence of os

fractures (the dependent variable).

The use of the term independent variable arose in the context of exper-

imentation, and the purpose of virtually experiments is to examination whether an inde-

pendent variable, in fact, does take an effect on one or more dependent

162 L. T. Flannelly et al.

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variables. A simpleastward experiment might test whether exercise (the independent

variable) has an effect on body weight (the dependent variable) by having

people engage in physical practise for different amounts of time. Many experi-

ments in healthcare are referred to every bit randomized command trials (RCTs). An

example of an RCT is a written report in which individuals are randomly assigned to

groups that do for different amounts of time to see if exercise has an

effect on torso weight. Another instance of an RCT is a study that randomly

assigns individuals to several groups that receive different doses of a diuretic

(the independent variable) to examination whether diuretics have an consequence on blood

pressure (the dependent variable). Many typedue south of medical treatments have

been examined as independent variables in RCTs to evaluate their effects on

a predetermined health outcome (the dependent variable). An contained

variable in an RCT can be as simpldue east as a drug dosage, or equally complex as a

surgical procedure, or a series of medical treatments, such as chemotherapy.

An case that readers of the Periodical of Health Intendance Chaplaincy volition

be familiar with is an RCT by Toussaint, Barry, Bornfriend, and Markman

(2014), in which they randomly assigned patients to two weather condition, or

groups. The experimental grouping engaged in educational activities related

to forgiveness (their independent variable), while the command group did

not. The study tested whether the contained variable of educational activi-

ties had an effect on a number of dependent variables, including pessimism,

cocky-acceptance, and self-forgiveness. The independent variable simply had an

effect on self-forgiveness. As often happens, the authors did not utilize the

terms independent variable or dependent variable, and, therefore, readers

had to figure them out for themselves.

Although the independent variable is not manipulated in nonexperimen-

tal research, the term independent variable is widely used in nonexperimental

studies. For example, Galek et al. (2010) were explicit about what their inde-

pendent and dependent variables were in a study of whether a chaplain's gen-

der or religious affiliation influenced praying with patients. The independent

variables were not express to the gender and religious denomination of the

chaplains; they also included whether the gender and denominations of the

chaplains were the same every bit the gender and denominations of the patients they

visited. The dependent variable was simply the percentage of visits in which

chaplains prayed with patients. A key finding of the written report was that chaplains

were more probable to pray with patients from their own faith. It should be

mentioned that personal or demographic characteristics are often treated as

independent variables in experimental and nonexperimental studies.

TREATMENTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND OUTCOMES

Some researchers only use the term contained variable in the context of

experimental research, and some researchers do not use the term, even when

Variables in Enquiry 163

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reporting an experiment or RCT. This is particularly true in healthcare

inquiry where the terms treatment and intervention often are used instead

of independent variable. Also, many researchers prefer to utilize the term,

upshot in favor of dependent variable. Montonye and Calderone (2009), for

example, employ the terms intervention and outcomes, instead of contained

and dependent variables, in an observational study of specific clergyman

interventions to accost patients' feelings, attitudes, and problems.

1 of the few experimental studies of chaplaincy used the words care for-

ment and intervention, instead of contained variable, when referring to

chaplain visits with patients. The study also used the discussion outcomes instead

of dependent variables when referring to the effects of chaplain visits on

patient anxiety, depression, hope, and coping (Bay, Beckman, Trippi,

Gunderman, & Terry, 2008). The chaplain intervention only had an effect

on negative religious coping. It is worth noting here that the term ''effect''

typically is used only when a causal relationship between an intervention

and an consequence (i.east., contained variable and dependent variable) tin

be demonstrated experimentally. Therefore, the term effect typically is not

used in reference to nonexperimental studies, equally those studies only describe

the associations or relationships between variables.

PREDICTOR, RESPONSE, AND More Upshot VARIABLES

The term predictor often is used in nonexperimental inquiry (Kleinbaum

et al., 1998) to refer to a variable that tin predict another variable i.e., the

magnitude of the predictor (independent variable) can predict the magnitude

of another variable (dependent variable). The term predictor is useful

because it does not imply that the predictor causes the change in the pre-

dicted variable, although information technology may. Grossoehme, Szczesniak, McPhail, and Seid

(2013) examined the association between religious coping in adolescents

with cystic fibrosis and the charge per unit of change in their pulmonary function. Their

predictor (or contained variable) was pulmonary operation, which pre-

dicted the subsequent religious coping by the adolescents. The authors

referred to religious coping equally a response variable , which is another name

for a dependent variable (Kleinbaum et al., 1998).

A cantankerous-sectional survey by Gaudette and Jankowski (2013) on the asso-

ciations of religious beliefs and spiritual practices with anxiety in

palliative-care patients used the terms independent and predictor variable

interchangeably when referring to beliefs and spiritual practices. The report

found that both of the contained variables predicted anxiety. They also

used the term outcomes when discussing the results of previous enquiry,

but described anxiety every bit their dependent variable.

A cross-sectional survey of physicians provides another instance of the

use of the terms predictors and outcomes (King, Dimmers, Langer & Murphy,

164 Fifty. T. Flannelly et al.

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2013). One of the report's key findings was that greater knowledge of chaplains

predicted the extent to which the physicians tried to advertisingdress spirituality in their

care of patients, and to refer patients to spiritual care providers.

Chance FACTORS AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Many healthcare researchers, specially epidemiologists, use the term take chances

factor when referring to what otherwise would be called an independent

variable (Kelsey, Thompson, & Evans, 1986; Kleinbaum, Kupper, & Morgen-

stern, 1982). At that place are at least 2 reasons for this. First, many diseases accept

multiple causes, as expressed in the notion of ''the web of causation'' (Kelsey

et al., 1986, p. 33). Second, information technology is difficult to found causality in nonexperi-

mental research (see K. J. Flannelly & Jankowski, 2014). The use of the gen-

eral term, adventure factor, avoids the question of causality. The Framingham Eye

Study, which introduced the term ''adventure cistron'' (Berridge, Gorsky, & Mold,

2011) found that high levels of blood cholesterol, high claret pressure, obes-

ity, cigarette smoking, and age were key risk factors for coronary heart dis-

ease, in that they increased the risk of having the disease (Kannel,

Dawber, Kagan, Revotskie, & Stokes, 1961).

Variables that reduce the risk of affliction are called protective factors.

Numerous studies, for instance, accept found that having a religious affiliation

(i.e., belonging to a religious denomination) is a protective gene for heart

disease (Koenig, McCullough, & Larson, 2001).

EXTRANEOUS, NUISANCE, OR Confounding VARIABLES

Another type of variable to be aware of when reading or designing studies

goes past many different names, including extraneous variable, nuisance

variable, and confounding variable, or simply confound or confounder

(Kleinbaum et al., 1982; 1998; Politicianinformation technology et al., 2001). Researchers are concerned

nearly extraneous variables because they can change or obscure the relationship

between the independent variable and dependent variable, or indicate there is

a causal relationship between them when none exists. Researchers endeavour to con-

trol for extraneous variables in their experiments by controllinthou the conditions

of the experimental environment to keep variables as constant as possible

(Polit et al., 2001). In human research however, experimental control often

is not sufficient becautilize individuals vary in many means that are extraneous

to the purpose of a study. Such extraneous variables may include their age,

gender, ethnicity, income, and educational activity. If experimental control is non poss-

ible, the researcher has thredue east options for dealing with extraneoudue south variables

(Polit et al., 2001). 1 way is to try to match the study participants on the

possible confounds, such as matching experimental and control subjects, or

cases and noncases, by age, gender, and other primal possible confounding

Variables in Inquiry 165

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variables. However, this can be hard to exercise. Another style is to contain an

extraneous variable as an independent variable in the written report design. If age, for

example, might have an effect on the relationship between the independent

variable and dependent variable, the researcher can group participants into

subgroups of different ages, say, xx year-olds, 30 year-sometimesouth, 40 year-olds,

and so forth. This method is called ''stratification,'' and the ''effects'' of stratified

variables are usually included in the statistical analyses (Mausner & Kramer,

1985). The third way is to use the person's age every bit an independent variable

in the statistical analyses. It is a common exercise to measure an extraneous

variable and include the measure of it only in the statistical analysis as a way

to control for variation in the levels of the variable amid the study's parti-

cipants. This practice is particularly common in survey studies. Regardless of

the approach used to control extraneous variables, it is always important to

see if the participants vary in ways that could impact the dependent variable.

When extraneous variables are used every bit independent variables in the

statistical analysedue south, they are called covariates. Demographic and other personal

characteristics areastward considered to be covariates (i.e., controls) or independent

variables in statisticafifty analyses contingent upon whether a researcher is specifi-

cally interested in theastward relationship between these variables and the dependent

variable(s). Studies on the relationship existtween religion and health should,

and usually do, statistically control for age, gender, and ethnicity because these

variables are associated with variation in the level of religious involvement,

practices, and other expressions of religious faith (Flannelly, Ellison, & Strock,

2004).

INTERVENING, MEDIATING, AND MODERATING VARIABLES

There are three other terms that are used exclusively in reference to possible

causal variables: intervening, mediating, and moderating variables. Tolman

(1938) used the term intervening variable to refer to a variable or set of vari-

ables in a chain of causation in which the intervening variable is the causal

link between the independent and dependent variable of interest. In his

analysis of the concept, intervening variables are unobserved theoretical con-

structs, just the term tin exist applied just too to observed variables. A major

point of his newspaper is that the effect of an independent variable on a depen-

dent variable can be demonstrated to occur through the causal concatenation of the

contained, intervening, and dependent variables. Hence, an intervening

variable is an independent variable in its own right. Today, such intervening

variables are called mediating variables (Cohen, Cohen, W, & Aiken,

2003).

The well-established positive human relationship between organized religion and wellness,

often reflects, or at least implies, such a concatenation of causation. For case,

numerous studies accept found that people that have a religious affiliation

166 L. T. Flannelly et al.

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are less probable to have heart affliction, and this is especially true for people who

belong to The 7th-Day Adventist Church and The Church of Jesus Christ

of Latter-Day Saints (Koenig et al., 2001). A closer look at the association

between religious affiliation and eye illness reveals that people who

belong to The Seventh-Day Adventist Church and The Church of Jesus Christ

of Latter-Solar day Saints also are less likely to have hypertension (i.east., high blood

pressure), which tin lead to heart disease (Koenig et al., 2001). Thus, hyper-

tension appears to mediate the positive association betwixt religious affili-

ation and heart disease. We tin can extend the chain of causation to identify

intervening variables that may mediate the connection betwixt religious

amalgamation and reduced blood pressure level.

Ellison and Levin (1998) present a comprehensive review of why

denominational differences and other aspects of organized religion mediate the effects

of faith on health. Some of these entail proscriptions confronting sure kinds

of behavior, such as prohibitions against drinking alcohol and coffee past the

Latter-Day Saints and Seventh-Twenty-four hours Adventist Churches, which are risk factors

for hypertension. Other aspects of religious affiliation also mediate the

relationship between religion and wellness, including the salutary effects of

social back up provided past religious congregations that reduce the stress

associated with affliction and illness (Ellison & Levin, 1998).

Moderating variables alter the strength of association (and maybe the

management of association) betwixt independent and dependent variables

(Cohen et al., 2003). A comparing of two related studies volition aid to dem-

onstrate this signal. Both studies analyzed survey data from the same sample

of American adults. The first study examined the relationship between

mental wellness and spiritual struggles, that is, feeling alienated from God

(McConnell, Pargament, Ellison, & Flannelly, 2006). Subsequently statistically con-

trolling for historic period, education, gender, income, race, social support, force

of religious identity, and the frequency of praying and attending religious

services, McConnell et al. (2006) found, every bit hypothesized, that the spiritual

struggles were associated with higher levels of feet and low.

While prayer also was positively related to anxiety and depression, the

forcefulness of religious identity and attention services were unrelated to either

anxiety or depression. The 2d study hypothesized that the association

of spiritual struggles with anxiety and low would exist moderated by

the strength of a person'south religious identity (Ellison, Fang, Flannelly, &

Steckler, 2013), and this proved to exist the case. Controlling for the same vari-

ables analyzed in the first study (McConnell et al., 2006), the 2nd report

institute that force of religious identity moderated the clan between

spiritual struggles and both anxiety and depression. That is, symptoms of

depression and anxiety among individuals with spiritual struggles were

higher for individuals who were more religious than for individuals who

were less religious. Past itself, strength of religious identity had no association

with feet or depression, however information technology chastened (in this example, aggravated) the

Variables in Research 167

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adverse association between spiritual struggles and mental wellness (Ellison

et al., 2013).

CATEGORICAL, Discrete, AND CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

All of the previous terms nosotros have discussed thus far accept to exercise with the

human relationship among variables. These three terms are not well-nigh the relation-

transport among variables, merely the measurement of variables. The first term,

chiselled variable, was defined and discussed past Flannelly, Flannelly,

and Jankowski (2014) in an before paper in this serial of articles on Research

Methodology. Categorical variables present a nominal level of measurement,

in which objects or people are classified into categories based on certain

characteristics. People, for instance, are often classified into categories past

their gender, ethnicity, occupation, religious denomination, and, in the

healthcare context, equally either cases or noncases of disease.

Discrete variables are variables that have two or more values (Ellis,

1998). Hence, categorical variables technically are also discrete variables.

Information technology should be noted that variables that only have ii values are called

dichotomous variables.

More specifically, all the same, the term detached refers to the fact that a

variable is measured in whole numbers, whereas continuous variables may

take on a virtually infinite number of values (Bailey, 1987; Indrayan, 2013).

Many discrete variables are measured at the interval level of measurement,

in which the points on the scale are separated by equal intervals, but in that location

is no true zero indicate (see Flannelly et al., 2014). Nevertheless, discrete variables

may also exist measured on ratio scales, which have a true zero point.

Frequency measures, such equally frequency of attention religious services or fre-

quency of visiting a dr. are good examples. Many healthcare variables

are measured on ratios scales and are continuous variables, for example, historic period,

weight, and blood levels of enzymes.

It is often the case that a variable that has an underlying continuum, may

be measured equally a discrete variable. For case, historic period is usually measured as a

discrete variable, that is, years of age. Information technology is too common to measure out age as a

chiselled variable for example, babe, child, adolescent, and adult (Ellis,

1998). It is even mutual in healthcare research to measure age as a dichot-

omous variable, such as, under 50 years of historic period, and 50 years of age and

older.

SUMMARY

The present article was written to help readers unfamiliar with research terms

to navigate their mode through the maze of terminology used to describe the

relationships amongst variables, besides as those used with respect to

168 L. T. Flannelly et al.

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measuring variables. Anything that is measured in research is called a

variable, and variables broadly autumn into two categories: independent vari-

ables and dependent variables. The terms handling, intervention, predictor,

and risk gene are substantially synonyms for contained variable, and the

terms response variable and outcomes are synonyms for dependent variable.

As previously explained, extraneous, nuisance, and misreckoning variables

are terms for a variable that can interfere with the ability to establish

relationships between independent and dependent variables, and, therefore,

dissimilar methods accept been adult to control for them. On the other

paw, although intervening, mediating, and moderating variables alter the

human relationship between independent and dependent variables, they help to

explain the causal relationship between them. The concluding section tied together

some terminology practical to the measurement of variables with the concept

of levels of measurement in research.

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... An example of independent, dependent, and command variables is shown in Figure 1. [3] Websites Nosotros listed the websites in Table 1. There are some websites that provide multiple tests. ...

Introduction: Researchers from developing countries may non have access to statistical software packages. However, descriptive and inferential statistical tests are to acquit to conclude the study. In a previous commodity (DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_116_21), we described how to comport some of the mutual inferential statistical tests online. This commodity is the second part of the series. Aim: Nosotros aimed to provide the examples of some inferential statistical tests used in clinical studies and provide step-past-pace guidelines to conduct those tests online. Methods: We prepared a ready of data for each statistical examination. These data were used to carry out the test online and the steps are briefly described. The result of the test is presented with screenshots and text to get an idea of how to report the event in a manuscript. Results: Nosotros described the procedure of behave of the following tests online – Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, Kaplan − Meier approximate, dose-response, logistic regression, multiple linear regression, residual analysis, odd ratio, Bland − Altman plot, Cronbach'south alpha, Cohen's kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficient. In addition, a method for random allocation of subjects in groups was besides described. All the tests were described with case information bachelor in a supplementary file. Decision: In this article, some of the inferential statistics used for clinical studies are described with example data and a step-past-step guide. Any clinician from resource-limited settings may use this guide as a reference for statistical tests. Even so, the tests described in this article are not a comprehensive list.

... An independent variable is a variable that is presumed to affect the dependent variable (Kevin J. Flannelly, 2014). Nuptiality, as adamant by various elements such equally historic period of first marriage, separation and other related sociocultural variables (divers past NISR), is the focal bespeak of this enquiry. ...

  • Gatera Etienne Gatera Etienne

This report is an assessment of the impact of the nuptiality component on the modify in the fertility process, which is part of the demographic transition in Rwanda. It focusses on indicators such as age of first matrimony, rates of divorce, separation, union dissolution, wid-owhood, polygamy, and number of single people, for their impact on the change in full fertility charge per unit (TFR) in Rwanda. Further, the study examines nuptiality level and behaviour in Rwanda. It is based on the investigation and interpretation of information from diverse reports of the National Institute Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) and the Globe Banking concern (WB), as well as information from experiments conducted by the researcher. The study concluded that, co-ordinate to almost of the reports, these indicators of nuptiality did contribute to the alter of TFR during the demographic transition in Rwanda. Further, it recommended that the public statistical establishment (NISR) should conduct a report on homosexuality and its bear on on TFR in Rwanda. This written report consists of iv sections: section 1-introduction; department two-literature review; section iii-information and methods; department 4-analytical methods, results and determination

... Several scientists have for years defined conceptual framework (Gunzler and Morris, 2015;Sekaran and Bougie, 2016;Flannelly, Flannelly and Jankowski, 2014). For instance, Gunzler and Morris (2015) divers conceptual framework equally the link between the evaluation factors while Sekaran and Bougie (2016) illustrates how the conceptual framework presents total snappy pictures and related thoughts that connect variables in a framework. ...

... Perawatan dilakukan dua hari sekali selama xvi hari. Variabel terikat (Y) penelitian ini adalah penurunan ketombe pada kulit kepala yang diperoleh dari hasil penilaian dua orang ahli dengan menggunakan alat skin and pilus analyzer (Synergy) (9) . Untuk mempermudah perhitungan, penelitian ini menggunakan lembar observasi penilaian kondisi kulit kepala (Tabel 1). ...

  • Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati
  • Devi Sulastiyowati

Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant ordinarily used in Asian countries such every bit China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Grand. procumbens content fl avonoids and glycosides and accept bacteria activity and anti-fungal activeness such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data nigh the eff ect of using the Grand. procumbens leaves extract on reducing dandruff on the scalp. The extract was obtained by the maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The phytochemical chemical compound content is determined with spectrophotometry ultraviolet. Two observers observe the scalp by using ascertainment sheets and grating instruments assisted by a pare and hair analyzer. The reduction of scalp dandruff was the diff erence betwixt the initial the results and the fi nal exam (after treatment). The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique totaling ten people and divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). The results showed that the calculation of hypothesis testing after analyzing the data obtained a value of t count (v.817)>t table (ane.86). This showed an eff ect of using the 1000. procumbens leaves extract every bit a shampoo for reducing dandruff on the scalp. The utilize of G. procumbens leaves extract as shampoo tin reduce dandruff. Abstrak: Gynura procumbens merupakan tanaman obat yang umum digunakan di negara-negara Asia seperti Mainland china, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Vietnam. One thousand. procumbens mengandung fl avonoid dan glikosida serta memiliki aktivitas sebagai anti jamur seperti Candida albicans dan Aspergillus niger. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh data empiris tentang pengaruh penggunaan ekstrak daun G. procumbens terhadap pengurangan ketombe pada kulit kepala. Proses ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Penetapan kadar senyawa fi tokimia dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri ultraviolet. Pengamatan kulit kepala dilakukan oleh dua ahli dengan menggunakan lembar observasi dengan menggunakan alat analisa kulit dan rambut. Kondisi ketombe kulit kepala diamati pada saat sebelum perawatan dan setelah perawatan setiap perlakuan. Sampel dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yang berjumlah 10 orang dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok (kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol). Hasil perhitungan pengujian hipotesis setelah dilakukan analisis data diperoleh nilai t hitung (5,817)>t tabel (1,86). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penggunaan ekstrak daun G. procumbens sebagai sampo untuk mengurangi ketombe pada kulit kepala. Penggunaan ekstrak daun Thou. procumbens sebagai sampo dapat mengurangi ketombe. Kata kunci: ekstrak daun Gynura procumbens, ketombe, kulit kepala.

... The dependent variable is the group or object that is influenced by the independent variable and the proportion of the independent variable functions to influence the dependent variable (due east.g. Flannelly et al. 2014;Wierenga and van Bruggen 1998). ...

Happiness, human evolution, level of competitiveness, and chapters in innovation all play an important role in spurring long-term sustainable economic growth. This report presents the relationship betwixt these factors—happiness, homo development, competitiveness, and innovation in the ASEAN region—in how they influence economical growth. To date, there has been a lack of enquiry on this specific issue, and thus it is an interesting and little-known one to study. Panel information were used comprising a combination of fourth dimension series and cantankerous-sections. The object of the study was Asean member countries using the multiple linear regression method. For the years of 2013–2019, we plant that overall economical growth had a existent impact. The results showed that human evolution and global innovation are 2-way related to economical growth (positive and meaning). Conversely, there was an insignificant influence of happiness and competitiveness on economic growth. Competitiveness, in particular, can reduce the level of economic growth. The policy considerations pursued by countries in Asean are through the corresponding governments' strategic steps to improve the productivity of their populations, because human resource are needed not simply every bit objects but actors in economical activities themselves in managing development.

As the previous studies have mainly focused on the advantage arrangement and the corresponding brain regions, the relationship between brain morphology and excessive internet use (EIU) were not clear; the purpose of the written report was to investigate if the brain regions other than the reward arrangement were associated with EIU. Data were caused from 131 excessive internet users. Psychological measures included net employ, life quality, personality, mental affliction symptoms, impulsivity, and thought suppression. The brain was scanned with 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and six types of brain morphological indexes were calculated. Lasso regression methods were used to select the predictors. Stepwise linear regression methods were used to build the models and verify the model. The variables remaining in the model were left precentral (curve), left superior temporal (area), right cuneus (folding index), right rostral anterior cingulate (folding alphabetize), and harm avoidance. The contained variable was the EIU score of the worst week in the by twelvemonth. The study establish that the brain morphological indexes other than the reward system, including the left precentral (curve), the left superior temporal (surface expanse), the right cuneus (folding alphabetize), and the right rostral inductive cingulate (folding index), can predict the severity of EIU, suggesting an extensive alter in the brain. In this study, a whole‐encephalon data analysis was conducted and it was concluded that the changes in certain encephalon regions were more than predictive than the advantage organisation and psychological measures or more than important for EIU.

Background: Theories are integral to a inquiry projection, providing the logic underlying what, how, and/or why a particular miracle happens. Alternatively, models are used to guide a research project past representing theories and visualising the structural framework of causal pathways by showing the different levels of assay. With the rise in chronic and behaviour-related diseases, wellness behaviour theories and models accept a particular importance in designing appropriate and research led behavioural intervention strategies. However, at that place is a dearth of papers that explain the function of behavioural theories and models in research projects. Aims: The aim of this paper is to synthesise existing evidence on the relevance of health behaviour theories and models in research projects. Methods: This paper reviews health behaviour theories and models commonly underpinning research projects in public wellness and clinical practices. The electronic databases, such every bit MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus, as well equally the search engines Google and Google Scholar were searched to place health behaviour theories and models. Results: Theories and models are essential in a research project. Theories provide the underlying reason for the occurrence of a phenomenon past explaining what the key drivers and outcomes of the target phenomenon are and why, and what underlying processes are responsible for causing that phenomenon. Models on the other hand provide guidance to a research project and assistance in visualising the structural framework of causal pathways by showing the unlike levels of analysis. Health behaviour theories and models in particular offer valuable insights for designing effective and sustainable inquiry projects for improved public wellness practice. Conclusions: Past employing appropriate health behaviour theory and/or model as a research framework, researchers volition be able to identify relevant variables and translate these into clinical and public health practices.

Construction projects are associated with construction and demolition waste material (CDW) generated at different stages. In Arab republic of egypt's example, the CDW problem has become a significant claiming, anad the need to find sustainable solutions is overwhelming. Based on recent investigations in the literature, it was found that vi primary factors are affecting CDW reduction (CDWR) every bit follows: (1) waste-efficient materials procurement measures; (ii) waste-efficient materials procurement models; (3) light-green materials procurement approach; (four) legislation; (5) culture & behaviour; and (half dozen) awareness. In this study, a representative sample of Egyptian construction firms was screened to (i) investigate the applicability and effectiveness of CDWR factors in the Egyptian construction sector; and (2) examine the relationship between these factors and CDWR. The results revealed that (1) among different factors, 'correct materials purchase' is the most practical particular while 'reducing overall material use by using prefabricated elements and highly durable materials' is the most constructive particular; and (2) there are statistically pregnant positive relationships between CDWR and unlike factors except 'legislation'. The results demonstrate the necessity of developing a conceptuweal framework, as a side by side research initiative, consisting of these dissimilar factors for CDWR in Egypt.

Concerns for the environs and the want to secure sustainable evolution are frequently too difficult to achieve considering the pressure put on natural environment. Worldwide, environment must exist protected to ensure social and economic evolution for the benefit of the existing and forthcoming generations. Developing countries ought to prioritise the protection of the environment over the exploitation of natural resources and ecology pollution. South Africa has incorporated the concept of sustainable development in the Pecker of Rights in the Constitution although the country is still facing difficulties. This research article aims to analyse environmental obligations and liabilities of an Electricity Distribution Company to improve sustainable development. Environmental obligations, liabilities and sustainable development are identified to realize research objectives and reply to research questions. A correlation coefficient test is performed to determine relationship between variables. Positive (+ one) relationship between variables was identified. The results demonstrated the electricity distribution visitor's functioning on environmental obligations and liabilities for environmental damaged caused. The results help to understand how to protect the environment, forestall financial liabilities and amend sustainable development. The Electricity Distribution Company had environmental incidents, which triggered environmental obligations and associated liabilities to which hinders the power to achieve sustainable development in a comprehensive scale such as killing and endangering of protected bird species. Sustainable development will be negatively impacted every bit the results demonstrated that some environmental incidents were non reported and incidents occurrence hotspots not identified. Consequently, this impacts negatively on the ecology integrity. Environmental Management System could assistance to address environmental obligations and associated liabilities to improve sustainable development. The organization provide an international standard that ensure proper processes, adventure identification, ecology aspects with the sole purpose to enhance environmental performance, achieve environmental obligations and fulfil environmental compliance obligations.

Although many studies have explored the salutary associations between multiple dimensions of religiousness and psychological well-being, a smaller torso of work has focused on the links between spiritual struggles and negative mental health outcomes. Two types of spiritual struggles have received considerable attention in this literature: divine struggles, or troubled relationships with God, and struggles with belief, or religious doubts. Using information from a nationwide online survey of U.Southward. adults conducted in 2006, our study investigated links between these types of spiritual struggles and 4 aspects of psychopathology: depressed bear upon, feet, phobic anxiety, and somatization. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that these links vary according to religious identity, such that individuals who identify themselves as highly religious—and therefore are likely to be almost invested in their roles as religious persons—experience the strongest negative furnishings of spiritual struggles, in comparison with persons who place themselves as moderately religious, or not religious at all. Findings supported this overall hypothesis. The article concludes by noting several written report limitations and identifying promising directions for further research.

This fascinating volume offers a wide ranging exploration of the history of public health and the development of health services over the past ii centuries. The book surveys the rise and redefinition of public health since the sanitary revolution of the mid-nineteenth century, assessing the reforms in the mail service Earth War Ii years and the coming of welfare states. Chiefly, the volume also includes: A comparative examination of why healthcare has taken such different trajectories in different countries Case studies on malaria, sexual health, alcohol and substance corruption Exercises enabling readers to easily collaborate with and critically assess historical source material Visual materials and illustrations ranging from a fifteenth century syphilis sufferer to the 1980s HIV/AIDS mass media campaigns Written past a team of historians from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, this is the definitive guide for teaching the history of public health and wellness services. Public Health in History volition engage health students, practitioners, policy makers and anyone who would like know more about these crucial areas of public health in countries beyond the global north and global south.

  • Harold Koenig Harold Koenig
  • Michael East. McCullough
  • David B. Larson

This volume, the start of its kind, reviews and discusses the full range of research on religion and a diversity of mental and concrete health outcomes. Based on this research, the authors build theoretical models illustrating the various behavioural, psychological, and physiological pathways past which religion might bear upon health. They also review research that has explored the impact of religious affiliation, conventionalities, and practice one use of wellness services and compliance with medical treatment. Finally, they discuss the implications of these findings, examine a number of possible clinical applications, and make recommendations for future enquiry in this area